Astrocytes and microglial cells
associated with Aß plaques can release a variety of cytokines and other factors. Aß itself can also stimulate cells associated with plaques to release cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These cytokines can initiate a complex of interactions, such as upregulation of expression and processing of APP, induction of cytokine overexpression (i.e., autocrine and/or paracrine loops), and recruitment of immune cells, which may all lead to degeneration of specific neuronal populations within the AD-affected brain.

Immunomedics, Inc.
Researches, develops, manufactures and sells monoclonals and ELISA kits, for use in cancer diagnosis, detection and therapy. Includes clinical overview, investor details and distributor network based in Morris Plains, New Jersey. (Nasdaq: IMMU)

Medarex, Inc.
Develops therapeutic products for cancer, aids and other life-threatening diseases based on proprietary technology in antibody grafting. Based in Princeton, New Jersey. (Nasdaq: MEDX)

Protein Design Labs, Inc.
Develops humanized monoclonals to prevent and treat autoimmune disease, inflammatory conditions, cancers and viral infections. Includes clinical trials in Europe, manufacturing in Minnesota, headquartered in Fremont, California. (Nasdaq: PDLI)

Chemicon International Inc
Manufacturer distributing antibodies, purified proteins, migration assays, tissue microarrays, array equipment for molecular biology, and custom services for research, diagnostics and industry, based in Temecula, California.

Chicken Antibodies
Provides custom chicken antibodies, peptide synthesis, custom monoclonal antibody production, polyclonal antibodies, IgY purification kit.

Immuno-Dynamics, Inc.
Researcher and manufacturer of first milking bovine colostrum. Produces both veterinary and human products.